托福备考-写作大的“万能理由”

浏览次数：2285    发布时间：2012-11-01

所谓万能理由，就是写文章的中间段落时需要给出的三个段落主题句。如果考试时思路打不开，可以从万能理由的角度想。这一做法类似于英语中所说的“脑力激荡”（brain-storming),就是在短时间内进行自由联想，列出能想到的观点，然后进行分类（如一个事物的正反两方面），供拟提纲和写作之用。例如：

 

Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

针对pets进行自由联想，可以列出下列观点：companionship, protection,dirty, expensive, exercise, reducing stress, having to be around for them等。根据对pets的正反看法可以做如下分类：

 

支持养宠物一方的观点：                       反对养宠物一方的观点：

Companionship                                 dirty, smelly

Exercise                                       expensive

Protection                                      having to be around for them

Reducing stress

 

根据上述分类可以拟出下列提纲：

Although some people do not think that it is a good idea to have a pet, I believe that it is beneficial.(主题陈述）

People who do not have pets may think that pets are dirty.(第二段）

On the other hand, there are many positive reasons for owning a pet.(第三段）

 

以上是“脑力激荡”的一般过程。现在回到万能理由上来。之所以称之为万能理由，是因为这些理由对很多题目都适用。例如，凡是关于“建设”的题目都可以从下列的“经济”角度（如创造就业机会）考虑。常见的14条万能理由如下：

 

与事物有关：

 

方便（convenience, service, benefits, advantages)

安全（security, safety, protection, shelter)

经济（economy, material rewards, money)

效率（efficiency, speed)

环保（environmentally sound)

耐久（endure, persevere)

 

与人相关：

 

交流（communication)

利他（altruistic, consideration for others)

情感（emotion)

性格（character)

经验（experience)

乐趣（delight)

健康（health, physical health, mental health)

成就（achievement)

 

例如：

A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.

根据上述万能理由，这道题涉及下列几点：

1. Convenience

2. Safety

3. Economy

4. Environmentally sound

5. Health

 

又如：

Do  you agree or disagree with the following the statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

根据上述万能理由，可以想到以下几点：

 

1. Health

2. Achievement(non-material: reputation, status)

3. Delight

 

使用万能理由容易陷于空泛，所以要注意下列三点：

1. 从题目所涉及的多个万能理由中选出大的三条（即重要且能展开的理由）；

2. 结合题目具体化（例如，说到"经济”问题，具体地说可能是赚钱问题）；

3. 万能理由适用于题目涉及的双方时，注意自圆其说。

 

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